Programs within the architectures focus area will exploit the new arrangements of materials, devices, and circuits to improve system performance and/or power efficiency. In addition, this thrust will develop a unifying framework for design and simulation of electronic systems that intelligently and seamlessly harmonizes the multiple interacting phenomena that must be dealt with in state-of-the-art system development. Programs will consider, across length-scales from nanometers to meters, the actions and interaction of electronic, electromagnetic, mechanical, thermal, quantum, and fabrication process effects. The goal is to create low-cost, low-volume manufactured, functionally dense microsystems.